Omegle is a notorious website where you can be randomly placed in a chat room (using video, audio and text) with strangers on the internet. Back in March 2020, 11-year-old C.H. was using Omegle and got paired with a pedophile who intimidated her into disrobing on camera while he captured video. When C.H.’s parents found out, they sued Omegle alleging a number of theories:
- possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A;
- violation of the Federal Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 1595;
- violation of the Video Privacy Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2710;
- intrusion upon seclusion;
- negligence;
- intentional infliction of emotional distress;
- ratification/vicarious liability; and
- public nuisance
The court granted Omegle’s motion to dismiss all eight claims, holding that each of the claims was barred by the immunity provided under 47 U.S.C. § 230. Citing to Doe v. Reddit, Inc., 2021 WL 5860904 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2021) and Roca Labs, Inc. v. Consumer Op. Corp., 140 F. Supp. 3d 1311 (M.D. Fla. 2015), the court observed that a defendant seeking to enjoy the immunity provided by Section 230 must establish that: (1) defendant is a service provider or user of an interactive computer service; (2) the causes of action treat defendant as a publisher or speaker of information; and (3) a different information content provider provided the information.
Omegle met Section 230’s definition of “interactive computer service”
The court found Omegle to be an interactive computer service provider because there were no factual allegations suggesting that Omegle authored, published or generated its own information to warrant classifying it as an information content provider. Nor were there any factual allegations that Omegle materially contributed to the unlawfulness of the content at issue by developing or augmenting it. Omegle users were not required to provide or verify user information before being placed in a chatroom with another user. And some users, such as hackers and “cappers”, could circumvent other users’ anonymity using the data they themselves collected from those other users.
Plaintiffs’ claims sought to treat Omegle as a publisher or speaker of information
The court found that each of the claims for possession of child pornography, sex trafficking, violation of the Video Privacy Protection Act, intrusion upon seclusion and intentional infliction of emotional distress sought redress for damages caused by the unknown pedophile’s conduct. Specifically, in the court’s view, no well-pleaded facts suggested that Omegle had actual knowledge of the sex trafficking venture involving C.H. or that Omegle had an active participation in the venture. As for the claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress, ratification/vicarious liability and public nuisance, the court similarly concluded that plaintiffs’ theories of liability were rooted in Omegle’s creation and maintenance of the site. The court observed that plaintiffs’ claims recognized the distinction between Omegle as an interactive computer service provider and its users, but nonetheless treated Omegle as the publisher responsible for the conduct at issue. The court found this was corroborated by the “ratification/vicarious liability” claim, in which plaintiffs maintained that child sex trafficking was so pervasive on and known to Omegle that it should have been vicariously liable for the damages caused by such criminal activity. And, in the court’s view, through the negligence and public nuisance claims, plaintiffs alleged that Omegle knew or should have known about the dangers that the platform posed to minor children, and that Omegle failed to ensure that minor children did not fall prey to child predators that may use the website.
The information at issue was provided by a third party
On this third element, the court found that Omegle merely provided the forum where harmful conduct took place. The content giving rise to the harm – the video and the intimidation – were undertaken by the unknown pedophile, not Omegle.
Special note: Section 230 and the sex trafficking claim
Section 230 (e)(5) limits an interactive computer service provider’s immunity in certain circumstances involving claims of sex trafficking. In this case, however, like the court did in the case of Doe v. Kik Interactive, Inc., 482 F. Supp. 3d 1242 (S.D. Fla. 2020), the court held that Omegle’s Section 230 immunity remained intact, because the plaintiffs’ allegations were premised upon general, constructive knowledge of past sex trafficking incidents. The complaint failed to sufficiently allege Omegle’s actual knowledge or overt participation in the underlying incidents between C.H. and the unknown pedophile.
M.H. and J.H. v. Omegle.com, LLC, 2022 WL 93575 (M.D. Fla. January 10, 2022)